Antes de iniciar qualquer obra é fundamental que o profissional da construção conheça os tipos de solo. Afinal, cada tipo de edificação tem impactos diversificados no decorrer da obra. Por isso surge a necessidade e a importância dos tipos de solo na construção civil.
Saber sobre os tipos de solo pode determinar se terão limitações ou facilitadores na construção do imóvel no determinado terreno.
No caso das limitações, elas podem trazer muitos problemas, tanto aos profissionais quanto aos proprietários, isso sem conhecer a importância dos tipos de solo.
Por isso surge a importância de se contratar um arquiteto ou engenheiro civil para dar seguimento no projeto. Quer saber mais sobre este tema? Continue a leitura de nosso artigo.
Qual a importância do solo na construção civil
O terreno é a base da construção, dando a sustentação ao peso do que será colocado em todo o processo, determinando as características do projeto a ser feito. Pelo solo, o profissional responsável poderá definir características físicas da obra, como elevação, drenagem e localização.
Em casos de construções maiores e que tenham uma área maior de alvenaria, é necessário, inclusive, fazer uma sondagem para ver em que nível do solo. Em fundações que não dispõe muita carga para o solo, não é obrigatório fazer a análise.
Alguns solos não conseguem oferecer a rigidez necessária para uma construção, não exigindo uma fundação profunda. Desta forma, o ideal é adotar um sistema onde as cargas são distribuídas por toda a estrutura.
Os tipos de solo na construção civil
Os principais tipos de solo podem ser divididos de acordo com sua densidade, da composição, das necessidades especiais que possuem para a construção e como o solo em questão se comporta quando é aplicada uma determinada pressão sobre ele.
Desta forma, podemos destacar como os principais tipos de solo os seguintes:
- Arenosos
- Argilosos
- Siltosos
No entanto, a divisão do solo não é algo simples de ser compreendido, visto que na natureza a mistura dos diversos materiais.
Por isso, não conseguimos definir que um solo é somente formado pelo que ele é, no caso de Arenoso somente com areia, ou um Argiloso com somente argila.
Por isso, consegue-se caracterizar cada tipo de solo da seguinte forma:
Solos Siltosos
Formado por Silte, que é o nome dado a qualquer material mineral que, em sua totalidade e em conjunto natural, seja menor que a areia e maior que a argila.
Ele é considerado um tipo complicado de solo. Por ser microscópico, possui de 0,005 mm a 0,05 mm. No entanto, não possui o mesmo grau de coesão e não há a plasticidade que o solo argiloso possui quando molhado.
Estradas com solos siltosos formam atoleiros em épocas de chuva e muito pó no período seco. Eles são as maiores vítimas de erosão e degradação, demandando muito mais cuidados e manutenção.
Solo Arenosos
Os componentes da areia possuem diâmetro que varia entre 0,05mm a 4,8mm e é composto predominantemente por areia. Ele não possui um não possui grande índice de coesão, se movimentando muito facilmente, além de ser altamente permeável.
Os solos arenosos são um grande desafio na construção civil, querendo fundações profundas com estacas, de aço ou concreto armado. Esse tipo de construção é feita, normalmente, em orlas nas praias do Brasil.
Já em relação às estradas construídas em solo arenoso, o cenário é diferente e apresenta vantagens, pois em época de chuvas não se formam um lamaçal e nem levantam poeira.
Solo Argilosos
Este é o tipo de solo mais tradicional no Brasil, sendo extremamente importante, visto que já há muitos anos é usado como argamassa. Além disso, sua importância econômica na construção se dá pela fabricação de tijolos, telhas, azulejos e pisos em cerâmica
O solo argiloso tem importância histórica e econômica no Brasil, como a construção de telhas cerâmicas. Porém, ele é oposto ao solo arenoso, pois possui grande capacidade de aglutinação, ou seja, torna-se lama com facilidade.
Os grãos da argila são microscópios a olho nu, enquanto os de areia são maiores. Ele também é muito denso quando não há umidade ou presença de água. E se fica umidificado, fica viscoso.
Ele também é caracterizado por ter cores vivas e de grande impermeabilidade, assim como são fáceis de serem moldadas com água e possuem mais dificuldades de desagregação.
Ao trabalhar com o tipo de solo argiloso é recomendado realizar um estudo de solo aplicando a geofísica para saber qual fundação deve ser feita.
No entanto, as fundações rasas são as mais utilizadas nesses tipos de solo. Para atingir mais segurança, o uso de estacas também é recomendado, mas não usual.
Outros tipos de solo
Nós já dissemos acima que não existe um tipo único de solo, sendo mais comum variações e misturas entre eles. Assim, surge a importância de apoio profissional na hora de fazer o projeto
Confira outros tipos de solo:
- Piçarra — Rocha mais decomposta e que pode ser escavada com pá ou picareta.
- Tabatinga ou turfa — Argila com muita matéria orgânica, encontrada em pântanos ou locais com água permanente (rios, lagos), no presente ou no passado remoto.
- Saibro – Terreno formado basicamente por argila misturada com areia.
- Moledo — Rocha em estado de decomposição mas ainda dura, tanto assim que só pode ser removida com martelete a ar comprimido.
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